Thioethers, methods for their preparation, and compositions including such thioethers

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are thioethers, methods for preparing such thioethers, and curable compositions, such as coating and sealant compositions, that include such thioethers. The thioethers can be the reaction product of (a) an alpha, omega dihalo organic compound, (b) a metal hydrosulfide and (c) a metal hydroxide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/108,782, filed Apr. 24, 2008.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to thioethers, methods for preparing such thioethers, and curable compositions, such as coating and sealant compositions, that include such thioethers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Thiol-terminated sulfur-containing compounds are known to be well-suited for use in various applications, such as aerospace sealant compositions, due, in large part, to their fuel-resistant nature upon cross-linking. Other desirable properties for aerospace sealant compositions include low temperature flexibility, short curing time (the time required to reach a predetermined strength) and elevated-temperature resistance, among others. Sealant compositions exhibiting at least some of these characteristics and containing thiol-terminated sulfur-containing compounds are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,466,963, 4,366,307, 4,609,762, 5,225,472, 5,912,319, 5,959,071, 6,172,179, 6,232,401, 6,372,849 and 6,509,418.

Polythioethers that are liquid at room temperature and pressure and that have excellent low temperature flexibility and fuel resistance, such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,179, are often desired in aerospace sealant applications, for example. Unfortunately, such polythioethers can be relatively expensive to manufacture due to raw material costs, particularly certain polythiols from which such polythioethers are derived. As a result, it would be desirable to provide novel thioethers that exhibit acceptable, sometimes surprisingly excellent, properties, such as fuel-resistance and elevated-temperature resistance, as compared to those described in the prior art but that are capable of being produced without the use of a polythiol and, therefore, are capable of being produced at reduced cost as compared to polythioethers derived from certain polythiols.

The present invention has been developed in view of the foregoing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain respects, the present invention is directed to thioethers. The thioethers of the present invention comprise the structure (I):

in which:

(a) each R, which may be the same or different, denotes a C₂₋₁₀ n-alkylene group, such as a C₂₋₆ n-alkylene group; a C₃₋₁₀ branched alkylene group, such as a C₃₋₆ branched or a C₃₋₆ branched alkylene group having one or more pendant groups which can be, for example, alkyl groups, such as methyl or ethyl groups; a C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene group; a C₆₋₁₄ alkylcycloalkylene, such as a C₆₋₁₀ alkylcycloalkylene group; or a C₈₋₁₀ alkylarylene group;

(b) each R₁, which may be the same or different, denotes a hydrogen, a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkylene group, such as a C₁₋₆ n-alkylene group; a C₃₋₁₀ branched alkylene group, such as a C₃₋₆ branched alkylene group having one or more pendant groups which can be, for example, alkyl groups, such as methyl or ethyl groups; a C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene group; a C₆₋₁₄ alkylcycloalkylene, such as a C₆₋₁₀ alkylcycloalkylene group; or a C₈₋₁₀ alkylarylene group;

(c) each X, which may be the same or different, denotes O or S;

(d) p has a value of 1 to 5;

(e) q has a value of 1 to 5; and

(f) n has a value of at least 1, such as at least 2, and in some cases 2 to 60, 3 to 60, or 25 to 35.

In other respects, the present invention is directed to thioethers that comprise the structure (I), wherein:

(a) each R denotes a C₂ n-alkylene group;

(b) each R₁ denotes hydrogen;

(c) each X denotes O;

(d) p has a value of 1;

(e) q has a value of 1; and

(f) n has a value of at least 1, such as at least 2, and in some cases 2 to 60, 3 to 60, or 25 to 35.

In yet other respects, the present invention is directed to thioethers that are the reaction product of reactants comprising: (a) an alpha, omega dihalo organic compound, (b) a metal hydrosulfide, and (c) a metal hydroxide.

In still other respects, the present invention is directed to compositions, such as coating and sealant compositions, that comprise such thioethers, including compositions that comprise two or more sulfur-containing polymers, at least one of which comprising such thioethers.

The present invention is also directed to, inter alia, methods for making such thioethers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

For purposes of the following detailed description, it is to be understood that the invention may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. Moreover, other than in any operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing, for example, quantities of ingredients used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard variation found in their respective testing measurements.

Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10.

As indicated, certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to thioethers. As used herein, the term “thioether” refers to compounds comprising at least one, often at least two thioether linkages, that is “—C—S—C—” linkages. In certain embodiments, such compounds are a polymer. As used herein, “polymer” refers to oligomers and both homopolymers and copolymers. Unless stated otherwise, if used herein, molecular weights are number average molecular weights for polymeric materials indicated as “Mn” and obtained by gel permeation chromatography using a polystyrene standard in an art-recognized manner.

Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to thioethers that comprise a structure having the formula (I), described earlier. More particularly, with respect to formula (I), in certain embodiments: (a) each R, which may be the same or different, denotes a C₂₋₁₀ n-alkylene group, such as a C₂₋₆ n-alkylene group; (b) each R₁, which may be the same or different, denotes a hydrogen or a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkylene group, such as a C₁₋₆ n-alkylene group; (c) each X denotes O; (d) p has a value of from 1 to 5; (e) q has a value of 1 to 5; and (f) n has a value of at least 1, often at least two, such as 2 to 60, 3 to 60, or, in some cases 25 to 35. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, with respect to formula (I): (a) R denotes a C₂ n-alkylene group; (b) R₁ denotes a hydrogen; (c) X denotes O; (d) p has a value of 1; (e) q has a value of 1; and (f) n has a value of at least 1, often at least two, such as 2 to 60, 3 to 60, or, in some cases 25 to 35.

Thioethers of the present invention that include terminal —SH groups are “uncapped.” In certain embodiments of the present invention, such uncapped thioethers comprise the structure (II):

wherein: (a) each R, which may be the same or different, denotes a C₂₋₁₀ n-alkylene group, such as a C₂₋₆ n-alkylene group; (b) each R₁, which may be the same or different, denotes a hydrogen or a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkylene group, such as a C₁₋₆ n-alkylene group; (c) each X denotes O or S; (d) p has a value of 1 to 5; (e) q has a value of 1 to 5; and (f) n has a value of at least 1, in some cases at least 2, such as 2 to 60, 3 to 60, or 25 to 35. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, with respect to formula (II): (a) each R denotes a C₂ n-alkylene group; (b) each R₁ denotes a hydrogen; (c) each X denotes O; (d) p has a value of 1; (e) q has a value of 1; and (f) n has a value of at least 1, in some cases at least 2, such as 2 to 60, 3 to 60, or 25 to 35.

In certain embodiments, the thioethers of the present invention are formed from reactants comprising, or, in some cases, consisting essentially of, or, in yet other cases, consisting of, (i) an alpha, omega dihalo organic compound, such as “x” moles thereof, (ii) a metal hydrosulfide, such as ≧2x moles thereof, (iii) a metal hydroxide, such as ≧2x moles thereof and optionally, (iv) a capping agent and/or (v) a polyfunctionalizing agent (as described below). In certain embodiments, the thioethers of the present invention are formed from reactants that are substantially free, or, in some cases, completely free, of any polythiol. As used herein, the term “substantially free” means that the material being discussed is present, if at all, as an incidental impurity. In other words, the material does not affect the properties of the thioether or the composition in which the thioether is used. As used herein, the term “completely free” means that the material being discussed is not present at all. In certain embodiments, the thioether of the present invention is produced by reacting the reactants (i), (ii), and (iii) in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.

Suitable alpha, omega dihalo organic compounds have the chemical formula: X—R—Y, where X and Y are halogens and R is an organic group. X and Y may be different halogen atoms or the same halogen atoms. By “alpha, omega” is meant that the halogen atoms are believed to be attached to opposite ends of the organic group. Suitable halogens include, for example, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Suitable organic groups include, for example, alkyl groups with 3 or more carbon atoms, aryl groups, alkylaryl groups, alkoxy groups, and arylalkoxy groups. In certain embodiments, the organic group comprises an alkoxy group, specific examples of which can be illustrated by the chemical formulas (III) and (IV): —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—  (III) —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—  (IV). In some embodiments, the organic group may comprise a sulfur atom, specific examples of which can be illustrated by the chemical formulas (V) and (VI): —CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂—  (V) —CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH(CH₃)—  (VI). One specific example of an alpha, omega dihalo organic compound that is suitable for use in the present invention is bis(2-chloroethyl) formal.

Suitable metal hydrosulfides have the formula M—SH, where M is a metal. Specific examples of suitable metal hydrosulfides include, for example, sodium hydrosulfide, potassium hydrosulfide, lithium hydrosulfide, rubidium hydrosulfide, cesium hydrosulfide, as well as mixtures of two or more of the foregoing. These metal hydrosulfides can be used, for example, as hydrates, aqueous mixtures or anhydrous.

Suitable metal hydroxides have the formula M—(OH)_(x), where M is a metal and x is 1, 2, or 3. Specific examples of suitable metal hydroxides include, for example, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, as well as mixtures of two or more of the foregoing. These metal hydroxides can be used, for example, as hydrates, aqueous mixtures or anhydrous.

Suitable phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) include, for example, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphonium salts, and crown ethers. A more detailed description of phase transfer catalysis and descriptions of compounds suitable as PTCs can be found in E. V. Dehmlow, “Catalysis, Phase Transfer,” in Volume 5 of the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edition, Wiley (1996). Further examples of PTC's can be found in JP04046931, to T. Tozawa et. al. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the phase transfer catalyst comprises tetrabutylammonium bromide, 18-crown-6, tetraphenylphosphonium halide, and/or methyltributylammonium chloride. In certain embodiments, a suitable amount of PTC is 0.01 to 10 mole % based on the moles of the alpha, omega dihalo organic compound or compounds, such as 0.05 to 2.0 mole %.

In certain embodiments, the uncapped thioether described above is a liquid at room temperature. Moreover, in certain embodiments, the previously described thioether has a viscosity, at 100% solids, of no more than 1500 poise, such as 2-500 or, in some cases, 40-500 poise, at a temperature of about 25° C. and a pressure of about 760 mm Hg determined according to ASTM D-2849 §79-90 using a Brookfield CAP 2000 viscometer, as described in the Examples. Any endpoint within the foregoing ranges can also be used.

In certain embodiments, the uncapped thioether described above has a number average molecular weight of 300 to 10,000 grams per mole, such as 1,000 to 8,000 grams per mole, the molecular weight being determined by gel permeation chromatography using a polystyrene standard. Any endpoints within the foregoing ranges can also be used.

In certain embodiments, the T_(g) of the thioether of the present invention is not higher than −55° C., such as not higher than −60° C.

In certain embodiments, the thioethers of the present invention are “capped”, i.e., they have terminal groups other than unreacted —SH groups, such as those having a structure according to formula (VII): A-(—R³)₂  (VII) wherein: (a) A denotes a structure having the formula (I); and (b) each R³, which may be the same or different, comprises a terminal groups other than a thiol, such as —OH, alkyl, such as a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl group, alkylene, such as a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkylene group, —NCO,

an amine group, or a hydrolyzable functional group, such as a silane group, e.g.,

wherein R and R₁ each independently represent an organic group and x is 1, 2, or 3. It should be understood that R³ may include any of a variety of groups linking A to a terminal group. As indicated, suitable terminal groups include, for example: (i) —OH, such as could be obtained by, for example, (a) reacting an uncapped thioether of the present invention with a monoxide, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and the like, in the presence of a base, or (b) reacting an uncapped thioether of the present invention with an olefinic alcohol, such as, for example, allyl alcohol, or a monovinylether of a diol, such as, for example, ethylene glycol monovinyl ether, propylene glycol monovinyl ether, and the like, in the presence of a free radical initiator; (ii) alkyl, such as could be obtained by reacting an uncapped thioether of the present invention with an alkylene; (iii) alkylene, such as could be obtained by reacting an uncapped thioether of the present invention with an diolefin; (iv) —NCO, such as could be obtained by reacting an uncapped thioether of the present invention with a polyisocyanate;

such as could be obtained by reacting an uncapped thioether of the present invention with a glycidylolefin, wherein the olefinic group may, for example, be an alkylene group or an oxyalkylene group having from 3 to 20, such as 3 to 5, carbon atoms, specific examples of which include allyl glycidyl ether, 1,2-epoxy-5-hexene, 1,2-epoxy-7-octene, 1,2-epoxy-9-decene, 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene 1,2-epoxide, butadiene monoepoxide, isoprene monoepoxide, and limonene monoepoxide; or (vi) a hydrolyzable functional group, such as could be obtained by reacting an uncapped thioether of the present invention with an olefinic alkoxysilane, such as vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, and vinylmethyldimethoxysilane, among others.

In certain embodiments, the present invention comprises a capped thioether comprising an —NCO terminal group. As mentioned, such a thioether can be obtained by reacting an uncapped thioether of the present invention with a polyisocyanate, though other routes for obtaining such a capped thioether can be envisioned.

Any polyisocyanate can be used, including, for example, aliphatic and/or aromatic polyisocyanates. In some embodiments, however, it is desirable to utilize a polyisocyanate, such as a diisocyanate, that has differing reactivity caused, for example, by steric hindrance. Examples of such polyisocyanates include isophorone diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, and mixtures of toluene diisocyanates having a majority of the species of differing reactivity, such as 80 percent 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 20 percent 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, by weight. Moreover, in certain embodiments, it is desirable to employ a sulfur-containing diisocyanate, such as, for example, the reaction product of a diisocyanate, such as any of those described above, with a sulfur diol, such as those having the formula: S_(f)(ROH)₂ wherein f is 1 or 2, and R is an alkyl of 1 to 10 carbons atoms, such as 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or an oxyalkyl wherein the alkyl is 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of such sulfur diols are 2,2′-thiodiethanol and 2,2′-thiodipropanol.

In certain embodiments, the —NCO capped thioether described above is a liquid at room temperature. Moreover, in certain embodiments, such a thioether has a viscosity, at 100% solids, of 10 to 1000 poise, such as 500 to 1000 poise, as measured at a temperature of about 25° C. and a pressure of 760 mm Hg determined according to ASTM D-2849 §79-90 using a Brookfield CAP 2000 viscometer, as described in the Examples. Any end point within the foregoing ranges can be used.

The polyisocyanate and uncapped thioether are typically reacted in amounts such that there is a molar excess of —NCO groups to —SH groups present. In certain embodiments, >1 to 8, such as >1 to 3 moles of —NCO groups are present per 1 mole of —SH groups. The Examples herein further illustrate suitable methods for making an —NCO capped thioether of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, it is desirable to produce a capped thioether comprising functional groups reactive with —NCO groups, such as an amine/hydroxyl-functional thioether. As used herein, “amine/hydroxy-functional thioether” refers to thioethers containing one or more amine functional groups and/or one or more hydroxy functional groups. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the amine/hydroxy-functional thioether comprises at least one, in some cases two, primary amine groups, at least one, in some cases two, secondary amine groups, and/or at least one, in some cases two, hydroxy groups.

In certain embodiments, the foregoing amine/hydroxyl-functional thioether is derived from an epoxy capped thioether, such as by reacting one or more epoxy capped thioethers of the type previously described with an excess of one or more amines, such as monoamine and/or polyamine, i.e., the amine and epoxy capped thioether are reacted in amounts such that there is a molar excess of amine groups to epoxy groups present. In certain embodiments, >1 to 5, such as >1 to 3 moles of amine groups are present per 1 mole of epoxy groups. As used herein, the term “polyamine” refers to a compound comprising two or more amine groups per molecule. The monoamine(s) and polyamine(s) can be independently chosen from primary amines (—NH₂), secondary amines (—NH—) and combinations thereof.

Suitable monoamines include mono and dialkyl amines and mixed alkyl-aryl amines and substituted amines in which the substituents do not detrimentally affect the epoxy-amine reaction. Specific examples of these amines are, without limitation, ethylamine, diethylamine, propylamine, dipropylamine, butylamine, dibutylamine, pentylamine, dipentylamine, hexylamine, dihexylamine, methylbutylamine, benzylamine, methyl ethyl amine, among others. Examples of substituted amines are hydroxyl-containing amines such as alkanolamines, dialkanolamines, alkyl alkanolamines and aryl alkanolamines containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkanol, alkyl and aryl chains. Specific examples include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, diethanolamine and N-phenylethanol.

In certain embodiments, a polyamine is employed, such as those having at least two primary amine groups. Polyamines suitable for use in the production of the amine/hydroxy functional thioethers of the present invention include, for example, aliphatic polyamines, cycloaliphatic polyamines, aromatic polyamines and mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the polyamine is a sulfur-containing polyamine. Non-limiting examples of suitable sulfur-containing polyamines are isomers of benzenediamine-bis(methylthio)-, such as 1,3-benzenediamine-4-methyl-2,6-bis(methylthio)- and 1,3-benzenediamine-2-methyl-4,6-bis(methylthio)-, the structures of which are illustrated below:

Such sulfur-containing polyamines are commercially available from Albemarle Corporation under the tradename ETHACURE® 300.

Suitable polyamines for use in the present invention also include, for example, materials having the following chemical structure:

wherein R₁ and R₂ can each be independently chosen from methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl groups, and R₃ can be chosen from hydrogen and chlorine. Non-limiting specific examples of such amines include those wherein R₁ is C₃H₇, R₂ is C₃H₇, and R₃ is H); those wherein R₁ is CH₃, R₂ is CH₃, and R₃ is H); those wherein R₁ is CH₃, R₂ is C₂H₅, and R₃ is H); those wherein R₁ is C₂H₅, R₂ is C₂H₅, and R₃ is H, those wherein R₁ is CH₃, R₂ is C₃H₇, and R₃ is H, and those wherein R₁ is C₂H₅, R₂ is C₂H₅, and R₃ is C1.

In certain embodiments, the polyamine comprises a diamine, such as 4,4′-methylenebis(3-chloro-2,6-diethylaniline), 2,4-diamino-3,5-diethyl-toluene, 2,6-diamino-3,5-diethyl-toluene and mixtures thereof (collectively “diethyltoluenediamine” or “DETDA”), a sulfur-containing diamine, such as ETHACURE® 300 described above, 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) and mixtures thereof. Other suitable diamines include 4,4′-methylene-bis(dialkylaniline), 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-dimethylaniline), 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-diethylaniline), 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-ethyl-6-methylaniline), 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-diisopropylaniline), 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-isopropyl-6-methylaniline), and/or 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-diethyl-3-chloroaniline).

Further, non-limiting examples of suitable polyamines can include ethyleneamines, such as, but not limited to, ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), piperazine, morpholine, substituted morpholine, piperidine, substituted piperidine, diethylenediamine (DEDA), 2-amino-1-ethylpiperazine and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the polyamine can be chosen from one or more isomers of C₁-C₃ dialkyl toluenediamine, such as, but not limited to, 3,5-dimethyl-2,4-toluenediamine, 3,5-dimethyl-2,6-toluenediamine, 3,5-diethyl-2,4-toluenediamine, 3,5-diethyl-2,6-toluenediamine, 3,5-diisopropyl-2,4-toluenediamine, 3,5-diisopropyl-2,6-toluenediamine, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the polyamine can be methylene dianiline or trimethyleneglycol di(para-aminobenzoate) or mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the polyamine can include at least one of the following general structures:

In certain embodiments, the polyamine can include one or more methylene bis anilines, one or more aniline sulfides, and/or one or more bianilines which can be represented by the following general structures:

wherein R₃ and R₄ can each independently represent C₁ to C₃ alkyl, and R₅ can be chosen from hydrogen and halogen, such as but not limited to chlorine and bromine.

In certain embodiments, the polyamine can include materials which can be represented by the following general structure:

where R₂₀, R₂₁, R₂₂, and R₂₃ can be each independently chosen from H, C₁ to C₃ alkyl, CH₃—S— and halogen, such as but not limited to chlorine or bromine. In certain embodiments, the polyamine represented by the immediately preceding structure can be diethyl toluene diamine (DETDA) wherein R₂₃ is methyl, R₂₀ and R₂₁ are each ethyl and R₂₂ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the polyamine can be 4,4′-methylenedianiline.

In certain embodiments, the amine/hydroxy functional thioether described above is a liquid at room temperature. Moreover, in certain embodiments, the previously described amine/hydroxy functional thioether has a viscosity, at 100% solids, of 10 to 150 poise, such as 50 to 100 poise, as measured at a temperature of about 25° C. and a pressure of 760 mm Hg determined according to ASTM D-2849 §79-90 using a Brookfield CAP 2000 viscometer. Any end point within the foregoing ranges can be used.

In certain embodiments, the amine/hydroxy functional thioether described above has a number average molecular weight of 500 to 10,000 grams per mole, such as 1,000 to 5,000 grams per mole, the molecular weight being determined by gel permeation chromatography using a polystyrene standard. Any endpoints within the foregoing ranges can be used.

The Examples herein further illustrate suitable methods for making an amine/hydroxy functional thioether suitable for use in the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the thioether of the present invention has the formula (VIII): B-(A-R₃)_(z)  (VIII) in which: (a) B denotes a z-valent residue of a polyfunctionalizing agent; (b) A denotes a structure having the formula (I); (c) each R₃, which may be the same or different, comprises —SH; —H, —OH, alkyl, such as a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl group, alkylene, such as a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkylene group, —NCO,

an amine group, or a hydrolyzable functional group, such as a silane group, e.g.,

wherein R and R₁ each independently represent an organic group and x is 1, 2, or 3; and (d) z is an integer from 3 to 6.

Suitable polyfunctionalizing agents include, for example, trihalo organic compounds, such as trihalo alkyl compounds, for example, trihalo propane. Suitable halogens again include, for example, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In certain embodiments, the polyfunctionalizing agent comprises 1,2,3-trichloropropane, 1,1,1-tris(chloromethyl)propane, 1,1,1-tris(chloromethyl)ethane, and/or 1,3,5-tris(chloromethyl)benzene. In certain embodiments, a suitable amount of trihalo organic compound(s) is greater than 0 to 10 moles of trihalo organic compound per 100 moles of alpha, omega dihalo organic compound(s), such as 0.5 to 5 moles of trihalo organic compound(s) per 100 moles of alpha, omega dihalo organic compound(s), or, in some cases 3 moles of trihalo organic compound(s) per 100 moles of alpha, omega dihalo organic compounds. The trihalo organic compound(s), if used, is often mixed with the alpha, omega dihalo organic compound(s) so that the mixed halo compounds are added together to the reaction mixture.

As indicated, certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to compositions, such as sealant, coating, and/or electrical potting compositions that include one or more of the previously described thioethers. As used herein, the term “sealant composition” refers to a composition that is capable of producing a film that has the ability to resist atmospheric conditions, such as moisture and temperature and at least partially block the transmission of materials, such as water, fuel, and other liquid and gasses. In certain embodiments, the sealant compositions of the present invention are useful, e.g., as aerospace sealants and linings for fuel tanks. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a thioether as described above, a curing agent and a filler.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise, in addition to a thioether as described earlier, one or more additional sulfur-containing polymers. As used herein, the term “sulfur-containing polymer” refers to any polymer having at least one sulfur atom, including, but not limited to, polymeric thiols, polythiols, thioethers, polythioethers and polysulfides. A “thiol”, as used herein, refers to a compound comprising a thiol or mercaptan group, that is, an “SH” group, either as the sole functional group or in combination with other functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, as is the case with, for example, thioglycerols. A “polythiol” refers to such a compound having more than one SH group, such as a dithiol or higher functionality thiol. Such groups are typically terminal and/or pendent such that they have an active hydrogen that is reactive with other functional groups. As used herein, the term “polysulfide” refers to any compound that comprises a sulfur-sulfur linkage (—S—S—). A “polythiol” can comprise both a terminal and/or pendant sulfur (—SH) and a non-reactive sulfur atom (—S— or (—S—S—)). Thus, the term “polythiol” generally encompasses “polythioether” and “polysulfide” as well. Suitable sulfur-containing polymers include, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,172,179, 6,509,418 and 7,009,032, incorporated by reference herein. In certain embodiments, therefore, the compositions of the present invention comprise a polythioether that includes a structure having the formula (IX): —R¹—[—S—(CH₂)₂—O—[—R²—O—]_(m)—(CH₂)₂—S—R¹]_(n)—  (IX) wherein: (1) R¹ denotes a C₂₋₆ n-alkylene, C₃₋₆ branched alkylene, C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene or C₆₋₁₀ alkylcycloalkylene group, —[(—CH₂—)_(p)—X—]_(q)—(—CH₂—)_(r)—, or —[(CH₂—)_(p)—X—]_(q)—(CH₂—)_(r)— in which at least one —CH₂— unit is substituted with a methyl group; (2) R² denotes a C₂₋₆ n-alkylene, C₂₋₆ branched alkylene, C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene or C₆₋₁₀ alkylcycloalkylene group, or —[(—CH₂—)_(p)—X—]_(q)—(—CH₂—)_(r)—, X denotes one selected from the group consisting of O, S and —NR⁶—, R⁶ denotes H or methyl; (3) m is a rational number from 0 to 10; (4) n is an integer from 1 to 60; (5) p is an integer from 2 to 6; (6) q is an integer from 1 to 5, and (7) r is an integer from 2 to 10. Such polythioethers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,179 at col. 2, line 29 to col. 4, line 34, the cited portion of which being incorporated herein by reference.

Any sulfur-containing polymer used according to the present invention can further comprise additional functionality, including but not limited to hydroxyl functionality and epoxy functionality.

In certain embodiments, the thioether of the present invention is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of at least 30 weight percent, such as least 40 weight percent, or, in some cases, at least 45 weight percent, based on the total weight of non-vola components in the composition. In certain embodiments, the thioether of the present invention is present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of no more than 90 weight percent, such as no more than 80 weight percent, or, in some cases, no more than 75 weight percent, based on the weight of all non-vola components of the composition.

As indicated, certain embodiments of the curable compositions of the present invention also comprise a curing agent. Curing agents useful in certain compositions of the invention (particularly in the case in which an uncapped thioether of the present invention is used) include epoxy resins, for example, hydantoin diepoxide, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F, Novolactype epoxides, and any of the epoxidized unsaturated and phenolic resins, as well as unsaturated compounds, such as acrylic and methacrylic esters of commercially available polyols, unsaturated synthetic or naturally occurring resin compounds, triallylcyanurate, and olefinic terminated derivatives of the thioethers of the present invention.

Isocyanate functional compounds can also be useful curing agents in the compositions of the present invention (particularly in the case in which a capped thioether of the present invention comprising an amine and/or hydroxyl terminal group is used). Suitable isocyanate functional compounds include, but are not limited to, polymeric polyisocyanates, non-limiting examples of which include polyisocyanates having backbone linkages chosen from urethane linkages (—NH—C(O)—O—), thiourethane linkages (—NH—C(O)—S—), thiocarbamate linkages (—NH—C(S)—O—), dithiourethane linkages (—NH—C(S)—S—) and combinations thereof.

The molecular weight of such a polymeric polyisocyanate can vary. In certain embodiments, the number average molecular weight (Mn) of each can be at least 100 grams/mole, or at least 150 grams/mole, or less than 15,000 grams/mole, or less than 5000 grams/mole. The number average molecular weight values recited herein can be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene standards.

Non-limiting examples of suitable polyisocyanates, also include non-polymeric aliphatic polyisocyanates, cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates wherein one or more of the isocyanato groups are attached directly to the cycloaliphatic ring, cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates wherein one or more of the isocyanato groups are not attached directly to the cycloaliphatic ring, aromatic polyisocyanates wherein one or more of the isocyanato groups are attached directly to the aromatic ring, and aromatic polyisocyanates wherein one or more of the isocyanato groups are not attached directly to the aromatic ring.

In certain embodiments, the polyisocyanate includes, but is not limited to, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diisocyanates, aromatic diisocyanates, cyclic dimers and cyclic trimers thereof, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable polyisocyanates include, but are not limited to, Desmodur N 3300 (hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer) and Desmodur N 3400 (60% hexamethylene diisocyanate dimer and 40% hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer), which are commercially available from Bayer.

In certain embodiments, the polyisocyanate includes dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and/or isomeric mixtures thereof. As used herein, the term “isomeric mixtures” refers to a mixture of the cis-cis, trans-trans, and cis-trans isomers of the polyisocyanate. Non-limiting examples of isomeric mixtures for use in the present invention include the trans-trans isomer of 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), hereinafter referred to as “PICM” (para-isocyanato cyclohexylmethane), the cis-trans isomer of PICM, the cis-cis isomer of PICM, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the isomeric mixture can contain from 10-100 percent of the trans,trans isomer of 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (PICM).

Additional diisocyanates that can be used include 3-isocyanato-methyl-3,5,5-trimethyl cyclohexyl-isocyanate (“IPDI”) and meta-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate (1,3-bis(1-isocyanato-1-methylethyl)-benzene) which is commercially available from Cytec Industries Inc. under the tradename TMXDI® (Meta) Aliphatic Isocyanate.

As used herein, the terms aliphatic and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates refer to 6 to 100 carbon atoms linked in a straight chain or cyclized having two diisocyanate reactive end groups. In certain embodiments, the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates used in the present invention can include TMXDI and compounds of the formula R—(NCO)₂ wherein R represents an aliphatic group or a cycloaliphatic group.

Additional non-limiting examples of suitable polyisocyanates include, but are not limited to, ethylenically unsaturated polyisocyanates; alicyclic polyisocyanates; aromatic polyisocyanates wherein the isocyanate groups are not bonded directly to the aromatic ring, e.g., α,α′-xylylene diisocyanate; aromatic polyisocyanates wherein the isocyanate groups are bonded directly to the aromatic ring, e.g., benzene diisocyanate or methylene dibenzene diisocyanate, which has the structure

polyisocyanates containing sulfide and/or disulfide linkages; aromatic polyisocyanates containing sulfone linkages; sulfonic ester-type polyisocyanates, e.g., 4-methyl-3-isocyanatobenzenesulfonyl-4′-isocyanato-phenol ester; aromatic sulfonic amide-type polyisocyanates; sulfur-containing heterocyclic polyisocyanates, e.g., thiophene-2,5-diisocyanate; halogenated, alkylated, alkoxylated, nitrated, carbodiimide modified, urea modified and biuret modified derivatives of polyisocyanates thereof; and dimerized and trimerized products of polyisocyanates thereof.

In certain embodiments, a diisocyanate of the following structure can be used:

wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently C₁ to C₃ alkyl.

Examples of ethylenically unsaturated polyisocyanates include, but are not limited to, butene diisocyanate and 1,3-butadiene-1,4-diisocyanate.

Examples of alicyclic polyisocyanates include, but are not limited to, isophorone diisocyanate, cyclohexane diisocyanate, methylcyclohexane diisocyanate, bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, bis(isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane, bis(isocyanatocyclohexyl)-2,2-propane, bis(isocyanatocyclohexyl)-1,2-ethane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-3-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-5-isocyanatomethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-3-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-6-isocyanatomethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-2-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-5-isocyanatomethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-2-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-6-isocyanatomethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-3-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-6-(2-isocyanatoethyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-2-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-5-(2-isocyanatoethyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane and 2-isocyanatomethyl-2-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-6-(2-isocyanatoethyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane.

Examples of aromatic polyisocyanates wherein the isocyanate groups are not bonded directly to the aromatic ring also include, but are not limited to, bis(isocyanatoethyl)benzene, α,α,α′,α′-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate, 1,3-bis(1-isocyanato-1-methylethyl)benzene, bis(isocyanatobutyl)benzene, bis(isocyanatomethyl)naphthalene, bis(isocyanatomethyl)diphenyl ether, bis(isocyanatoethyl) phthalate, mesitylene triisocyanate and 2,5-di(isocyanatoethyl)furan, and meta-xylylene diisocyanate.

Examples of aromatic polyisocyanates having isocyanate groups bonded directly to the aromatic ring also include, but are not limited to, phenylene diisocyanate, ethylphenylene diisocyanate, isopropylphenylene diisocyanate, dimethylphenylene diisocyanate, diethylphenylene diisocyanate, diisopropylphenylene diisocyanate, trimethylbenzene triisocyanate, benzene triisocyanate, naphthalene diisocyanate, methylnaphthalene diisocyanate, biphenyl diisocyanate, ortho-toluidine diisocyanate, ortho-tolylidine diisocyanate, ortho-tolylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, bis(3-methyl-4-isocyanatophenyl)methane, bis(isocyanatophenyl)ethylene, 3,3′-dimethoxy-biphenyl-4,4′-diisocyanate, triphenylmethane triisocyanate, polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, naphthalene triisocyanate, diphenylmethane-2,4,4′-triisocyanate, 4-methyldiphenylmethane-3,5,2′,4′,6′-pentaisocyanate, diphenylether diisocyanate, bis(isocyanatophenylether)ethyleneglycol, bis(isocyanatophenylether)-1,3-propyleneglycol, benzophenone diisocyanate, carbazole diisocyanate, ethylcarbazole diisocyanate and dichlorocarbazole diisocyanate.

Examples of aromatic polyisocyanates containing sulfide or disulfide linkages include, but are not limited to, diphenylsulfide-2,4′-diisocyanate, diphenylsulfide-4,4′-diisocyanate, 3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-diisocyanatodibenzyl thioether, bis(4-isocyanatomethylbenzene)sulfide, diphenyldisulfide-4,4′-diisocyanate, 2,2′-dimethyldiphenyldisulfide-5,5′-diisocyanate, 3,3′-dimethyldiphenyldisulfide-5,5′-diisocyanate, 3,3′-dimethyldiphenyldisulfide-6,6′-diisocyanate, 4,4′-dimethyldiphenyldisulfide-5,5′-diisocyanate, 3,3′-dimethoxydiphenyldisulfide-4,4′-diisocyanate and 4,4′-dimethoxydiphenyldisulfide-3,3′-diisocyanate.

Examples of aromatic polyisocyanates containing sulfone linkages also include, but are not limited to, diphenylsulfone-4,4′-diisocyanate, diphenylsulfone-3,3′-diisocyanate, benzidinesulfone-4,4′-diisocyanate, diphenylmethanesulfone-4,4′-diisocyanate, 4-methyldiphenylmethanesulfone-2,4′-diisocyanate, 4,4′-dimethoxydiphenylsulfone-3,3′-diisocyanate, 3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-diisocyanatodibenzylsulfone, 4,4′-dimethyldiphenylsulfone-3,3′-diisocyanate, 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-diphenylsulfone-3,3′-diisocyanate and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenylsulfone-3,3′-diisocyanate.

Examples of suitable polyisocyanates include, but are not limited to, aromatic sulfonic amide-type polyisocyanates, such as 4-methyl-3-isocyanato-benzene-sulfonylanilide-3′-methyl-4′-isocyanate, dibenzenesulfonyl-ethylenediamine-4,4′-diisocyanate, 4,4′-methoxybenzenesulfonyl-ethylenediamine-3,3′-diisocyanate and 4-methyl-3-isocyanato-benzene-sulfonylanilide-4-ethyl-3′-isocyanate.

Amine functional compounds can also be useful curing agents in the compositions of the present invention (particularly in the case in which a capped thioether of the present invention comprising an isocyanate terminal group is used). Suitable amines include those described earlier in connection with the preparation of an amine functional thioether of the present invention.

In addition, in the case where an uncapped thioether of the present invention is used, useful cures can be obtained through oxidative coupling of the thiol groups using organic and inorganic peroxides (e.g., MnO₂) known to those skilled in the art. Selection of the particular curing agent may affect the T_(g) of the cured composition.

Depending on the nature of the thioether(s) used in the composition, the composition will often contain 90% to 150% of the stoichiometric amount, such as 95 to 125%, of the selected curing agent(s).

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise two or more sulfur-containing polymers, such as thioethers comprising a structure having the formula (I), that have coreactive functional groups. For example, and without limitation, in certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise: (i) an —NCO capped sulfur-containing polymer, such as an —NCO capped thioether comprising a structure having the formula (I) and/or a polythioether comprising a structure having the formula (IX); and (ii) an amine/hydroxy capped sulfur-containing polymer, such as an amine/hydroxy capped thioether comprising a structure having the formula (I) and/or a polythioether comprising a structure having the formula (IX).

Fillers useful in the certain embodiments of the compositions of the present invention include those commonly used in the art, including conventional inorganic fillers, such as carbon black and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), as well as lightweight fillers. Suitable lightweight fillers include, for example, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,525,168 at col. 4, lines 23-55, the cited portion of which being incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions include 5 to 60 weight percent of the filler or combination of fillers, such as 10 to 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

As will be appreciated, the thioethers, curing agents and fillers employed in certain compositions of the invention, as well as optional additives as described below, should be selected so as to be compatible with each other. Selection of compatible ingredients for the inventive compositions can readily be performed by those skilled in the art without recourse to undue experimentation.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are curable at a maximum temperature of 0° C. (i.e., at a temperature of 0° C. or lower), such as −10° C., or, in some cases, −20° C., and have a T_(g) when cured not higher than −55° C., such as not higher than −60° C., or, in some cases, not higher than −65° C.

In addition to the foregoing ingredients, certain compositions of the invention can optionally include one or more of the following: colorants, thixotropes, accelerators, retardants, adhesion promoters, solvents and masking agents, among other components.

As used herein, the term “colorant” means any substance that imparts color and/or other opacity and/or other visual effect to the composition. The colorant can be added to the coating in any suitable form, such as discrete particles, dispersions, solutions and/or flakes. A single colorant or a mixture of two or more colorants can be used in the coatings of the present invention.

Example colorants include pigments, dyes and tints, such as those used in the paint industry and/or listed in the Dry Color Manufacturers Association (DCMA), as well as special effect compositions. A colorant may include, for example, a finely divided solid powder that is insoluble but wettable under the conditions of use. A colorant can be organic or inorganic and can be agglomerated or non-agglomerated. Colorants can be incorporated into the coatings by use of a grind vehicle, such as an acrylic grind vehicle, the use of which will be familiar to one skilled in the art.

Example pigments and/or pigment compositions include, but are not limited to, carbazole dioxazine crude pigment, azo, monoazo, diazo, naphthol AS, salt type (flakes), benzimidazolone isoindolinone, isoindoline and polycyclic phthalocyanine, quinacridone, perylene, perinone, diketopyrrolo pyrrole, thioindigo, anthraquinone, indanthrone, anthrapyrimidine, flavanthrone, pyranthrone, anthanthrone, dioxazine, triarylcarbonium, quinophthalone pigments, diketo pyrrolo pyrrole red (“DPPBO red”), titanium dioxide, carbon black and mixtures thereof. The terms “pigment” and “colored filler” can be used interchangeably.

Example dyes include, but are not limited to, those that are solvent and/or aqueous based such as phthalo green or blue, iron oxide, bismuth vanadate, anthraquinone, perylene and quinacridone.

Example tints include, but are not limited to, pigments dispersed in water-based or water miscible carriers such as AQUA-CHEM 896 commercially available from Degussa, Inc., CHARISMA COLORANTS and MAXITONER INDUSTRIAL COLORANTS commercially available from Accurate Dispersions division of Eastman Chemical, Inc.

As noted above, the colorant can be in the form of a dispersion including, but not limited to, a nanoparticle dispersion. Nanoparticle dispersions can include one or more highly dispersed nanoparticle colorants and/or colorant particles that produce a desired visible color and/or opacity and/or visual effect. Nanoparticle dispersions can include colorants such as pigments or dyes having a particle size of less than 150 nm, such as less than 70 nm, or less than 30 nm. Nanoparticles can be produced by milling stock organic or inorganic pigments with grinding media having a particle size of less than 0.5 mm. Example nanoparticle dispersions and methods for making them are identified in U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,800 B2, which is incorporated herein by reference. Nanoparticle dispersions can also be produced by crystallization, precipitation, gas phase condensation, and chemical attrition (i.e., partial dissolution). In order to minimize re-agglomeration of nanoparticles within the coating, a dispersion of resin-coated nanoparticles can be used. As used herein, a “dispersion of resin-coated nanoparticles” refers to a continuous phase in which is dispersed discreet “composite microparticles” that comprise a nanoparticle and a resin coating on the nanoparticle. Example dispersions of resin-coated nanoparticles and methods for making them are identified in United States Patent Application Publication 2005-0287348 A1, filed Jun. 24, 2004, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/482,167 filed Jun. 24, 2003, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/337,062, filed Jan. 20, 2006, which is also incorporated herein by reference.

Example special effect compositions that may be used in the compositions of the present invention include pigments and/or compositions that produce one or more appearance effects such as reflectance, pearlescence, metallic sheen, phosphorescence, fluorescence, photochromism, photosensitivity, thermochromism, goniochromism and/or color-change. Additional special effect compositions can provide other perceptible properties, such as opacity or texture. In a non-limiting embodiment, special effect compositions can produce a color shift, such that the color of the coating changes when the coating is viewed at different angles. Example color effect compositions are identified in U.S. Pat. No. 6,894,086, incorporated herein by reference. Additional color effect compositions can include transparent coated mica and/or synthetic mica, coated silica, coated alumina, a transparent liquid crystal pigment, a liquid crystal coating, and/or any composition wherein interference results from a refractive index differential within the material and not because of the refractive index differential between the surface of the material and the air.

In general, the colorant can be present in any amount sufficient to impart the desired visual and/or color effect. The colorant may comprise from 1 to 65 weight percent of the present compositions, such as from 3 to 40 weight percent or 5 to 35 weight percent, with weight percent based on the total weight of the compositions.

Thixotropes, for example silica, are often used in an amount from 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

Cure catalysts known to the art, such as amines, often are present in an amount from 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. Specific examples of useful catalysts are, without limitation, 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO®, commercially available from Air Products, Chemical Additives Division, Allentown, Pa.) and DMP-30® (an accelerant composition including 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, commercially available from Rohm and Haas. Philadelphia, Pa.). It has been surprisingly discovered, however, that certain embodiments of the present invention will cure at ambient conditions even in the absence of any such cure catalyst.

Retardants, such as stearic acid, likewise often are used in an amount from 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. Adhesion promoters, if employed, are often present in amount from 0.1 to 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. Suitable adhesion promoters include phenolics, such as METHYLON phenolic resin available from Occidental Chemicals, and organosilanes, such as epoxy, mercapto or amino functional silanes, such as Silquest A-187 and Silquest A-1100 available from Momentive Performance Materials. Masking agents, such as pine fragrance or other scents, which are useful in covering any low level odor of the composition, are often present in an amount from 0.1 to 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise a plasticizer which, in at least some cases, may allow the composition to include thioether(s) which have a higher T_(g) than would ordinarily be useful in an aerospace sealant. That is, use of a plasticizer may effectively reduce the T_(g) of the composition, and thus increase the low-temperature flexibility of the cured polymerizable composition beyond that which would be expected on the basis of the T_(g) of the thioethers alone. Plasticizers that are useful in certain embodiments of the compositions of the present invention include, for example, phthalate esters, chlorinated paraffins, and hydrogenated terphenyls. The plasticizer or combination of plasticizers often constitute 1 to 40 weight percent, such as 1 to 10 weight percent of the composition. In certain embodiments, depending on the nature and amount of the plasticizer(s) used in the composition, thioethers of the invention which have T_(g) values up to −50° C., such as up to −55° C., can be used.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention can further comprise one or more organic solvents, such as isopropyl alcohol, in an amount ranging from, for example, 0 to 15 percent by weight on a basis of total weight of the composition, such as less than 15 weight percent and, in some cases, less than 10 weight percent.

In certain embodiments, however, the compositions of the present invention are substantially free or, in some cases, completely free, of any solvent, such as an organic solvent or an aqueous solvent, i.e., water. Stated differently, in certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are substantially 100% solids.

In certain embodiments, the compositions, such as the previously described sealant compositions, are embodied as multi-pack compositions, such as two-pack compositions, wherein one package comprises the previously described thioether polymer and the second pack comprises the curing agent. The previously described additives and other materials can be added to either package as desired or necessary. The two packages are simply mixed together at or near the time of use.

The compositions of the present invention can be applied to any of a variety of substrates. Common substrates to which the compositions of the present invention are applied can include titanium, stainless steel, aluminum, anodized, primed, organic coated and chromate coated forms thereof, epoxy, urethane, graphite, fiberglass composite, KEVLAR®, acrylics and polycarbonates.

The compositions of the present invention can be applied directly onto the surface of a substrate or over an underlayer by any suitable coating process known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, by extruding, dip coating, direct roll coating, reverse roll coating, curtain coating, spray coating, brush coating, vacuum coating and combinations thereof. The method and apparatus for applying the composition to the substrate may be determined, at least in part, by the configuration and type of substrate material.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are fuel-resistant. As used herein, the term “fuel resistant” means that the compositions of the present invention, when applied to a substrate and cured, can provide a cured product, such as a sealant, that has a percent volume swell of not greater than 40%, in some cases not greater than 25%, in some cases not greater than 20%, in yet other cases not more than 10%, after immersion for one week at 140° F. (60° C.) and ambient pressure in jet reference fluid (JRF) type 1 according to methods similar to those described in ASTM D792 or AMS 3269, incorporated herein by reference. Jet reference fluid JRF type 1, as employed herein for determination of fuel resistance, has the following composition (see AMS 2629, issued Jul. 1, 1989), §3.1.1 et seq., available from SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.) (that is incorporated herein by reference): herein by reference):

Toluene 28 ± 1% by volume Cyclohexane (technical) 34 ± 1% by volume Isooctane 38 ± 1% by volume Tertiary dibutyl disulfide  1 ± 0.005% by volume (doctor sweet)

Indeed, it was a surprising discovery that certain embodiments of the present invention exhibit excellent fuel-resistance properties (percent volume swell of not greater than 10% as described above, which is often associated with polysulfides) as well as excellent elevated-temperature resistance (good tensile strength and elongation properties after 8 hours exposure at 360° F., which is often associated with polythioethers).

In certain embodiments, cured products, such as sealants, of the present invention have good low temperature flexibility as determined by known methods, for example, by the methods described in AMS (Aerospace Material Specification) 3267 §4.5.4.7, AMS-S (Military Specification)-8802B §3.6.16 and MIL-S-29574, and by methods similar to those described in ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D522-88, which are incorporated herein by reference. Cured formulations having good low temperature flexibility are desirable in aerospace applications because the formulations are subjected to wide variations in environmental conditions, such as temperature and pressure, and physical conditions such as joint contraction and expansion and vibration.

In certain embodiments, compositions of the present invention also cure relatively quickly under ambient conditions. For example, in certain embodiments, the compositions provide a tack free film in no more than 1 hour, in some cases no more than ½ hour, after application and cure in ambient conditions. For purposes of the present invention tack free time is measured in accordance with the procedure described in AMS 3265B, §3.6.8, test procedure AS5127/1, §5.8.

In certain embodiments, sealant compositions of the present invention provide a cured product, such as a sealant, having an elongation of at least 100% and a tensile strength of at least 500 psi when measured in accordance with the procedure described in AMS 3279, §3.3.17.1, test procedure AS5127/1, §7.7. In fact, it has been discovered that certain compositions of the present invention that comprise two or more thioethers of the present invention that have coreactive functional groups, such as an —NCO capped thioether in combination with an amine/hydroxyl functional thioether, can have exceptional tensile strength, i.e., at least 700 psi, in some cases at least 800 psi, at least 900 psi, or even at least 1000 psi, when measured in accordance with the procedure described in AMS 3279, §3.3.17.1, test procedure AS5127/1, §7.7.

In certain embodiments, sealant compositions of the present invention provide a cured product, such as a sealant having a lap shear strength of greater than 200 psi, in some cases at least 400 psi when measured according to the procedure described in SAE AS5127/1 paragraph 7.8.

As should be apparent from the foregoing description, the present invention is also directed to methods for sealing an aperture utilizing a composition of the present invention. These methods comprise (a) applying a composition of the present invention to a surface to seal the aperture; and (b) allowing the composition to cure under, for example, ambient conditions. As will also be appreciated, the present invention is also directed to aerospace vehicles comprising at least one surface coated with a coating composition of the present invention as well as aerospace vehicles comprising at least one aperture that is sealed with a sealant composition of the present invention.

Illustrating the invention are the following examples, which, however, are not to be considered as limiting the invention to their details. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages in the following examples, as well as throughout the specification, are by weight.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of Uncapped Thioether

Solid flakes of sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (834.04 g; purity: 70%; 10.42 moles) were charged into a 5 liter 4-neck flask followed by water (1.70 Kg). Flask was flushed with nitrogen and stirring was started. Freshly-prepared aqueous sodium hydroxide (306.18 g, concentration: 50%; 3.83 moles) was added into the solution of sodium hydrosulfide followed by phase transfer catalyst Aliquat®-175 (available from Cognis) (14.06 g, 0.06 mole). Reaction mixture was heated to 160° F. A mixture of 2-chloroethylformal (748.89 g, 4.33 moles) and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (19.86 g, 0.13 mole) was added at 160-165° F. over 6.5 hr and stiffing was continued for another 2 hr. Heating was continued at 175-180° F. for 8 hr and at 185-190° F. for 8 hr. Reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature. Partially-emulsified polymeric layer was separated and washed with five 400 ml portions of water. The last washing was free of sodium hydrosulfide as indicated by lead acetate paper test. Polymeric layer was then washed with acidified water (400 ml water containing 2 ml of 95% formic acid; pH: 2-3) and dissolved in 1.2 liters of chloroform. Organic portion was separated, filtered through a band of anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated to give 583 g of a off-white polymer; mercaptan equivalent weight: 1816 (iodine titration method); viscosity: 122P (spindle no. 6, @100 RPM; Brookfield Cap 2000 viscometer).

Example 2 Preparation of Sealant Formulation

Part A of the sealant formulation was prepared by mixing 59.90 parts by weight of the polythioether of Example 1, 39.00 parts by weight calcium carbonate, 0.60 parts by weight of titanium dioxide, and 0.50 parts by weight of 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO®, commercially available from Air Products, Chemical Additives Division, Allentown, Pa.).

Part B of the sealant formulation was prepared by mixing 0.90 parts by weight of an epoxysilane adhesion promoter, 11.10 parts by weight HB-40 modified polyphenyl (commercially available from Solutia, Inc.), 41.60 parts by weight calcium carbonate, 46.20 parts by weight Epon 828 epoxy resin, and 0.20 parts by weight carbon black.

The sealant was made for testing by mixing 100 parts of Part A and 14 parts of Part B. A sealant prepared from the above composition exhibited the properties set forth in Table 1 (tested according to methods in SAE AS5127/1 (except as noted).

TABLE 1 Result Property Application Time 2 Hours Tack Free Time 4 Hours 24 Hours Hardness 48 Shore A 14 Days Hardness 52 Shore A Volume Swell - JRF Type I 6% 7 days @ 140° F. Weight Loss - JRF Type I 5% 7 days @140° F. Tensile & Elongation Standard Cure 7 days 300 psi/400% 7 Days at 140° F. in JRF 250 psi/400% Type I 8 Hours @ 360° F. 180 psi/130% Adhesion Tested on Mil C-27725 panel Standard Cure 7 days 43 pli, 100% Cohesive Failure 7 Days at 140° F. in JRF 35 pli, 100% Cohesive Failure Type I

Example 3 Synthesis of Uncapped Thioether

Solid flakes of sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (1007.90 g; purity: 72%; 12.96 moles) were charged into a 5-liter 4-neck flask followed by water (2.05 Kg). Flask was flushed with nitrogen and stirring was started. Phase transfer catalyst A-175 (17.00 g, 0.07 mole) was added and reaction mixture was heated to 170° F. Addition of a mixture of 2-chloroethylformal (919.10 g, 5.31 moles) and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (16.00 g, 0.11 mole) was started at a rate of ˜5.00 g/min. After about 10 minutes, addition of a freshly-prepared solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide (360.00 g, concentration: 50%; 4.50 moles) was started at a rate of ˜1.86 g/min. Addition of the chlorides lasted for 3 hr while the addition period for the solution of sodium hydroxide was 3 hr 5 min. Reaction temperature was raised to 212° F. and heating was continued for 3.75 hr. Reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature. Aqueous layer was removed and the polymeric layer was washed with five 500 ml portions of water. The last washing was almost free of sodium hydrosulfide as indicated by lead acetate paper test. Polymeric layer was then washed with acidified water (500 ml water containing 10 ml of glacial acetic acid) followed by three additional 500 ml portions of water. Polymer layer was separated and dried at 190-210° F./2-5 mm for 1.5 hr; Yield: 631 g; color: light grey; mercaptan equivalent weight: 1042 (iodine titration method); viscosity: 42 Poise (spindle no. 6 @100RPM, 25° C. Brookfield Cap 2000 Viscometer).

Example 4 Synthesis of Epoxy-Capped Thioether

Polymer of Example 3 (576.91 g; 0.55 equivalents; mercaptan equivalent: 1042) was charged into a 1-liter, 4-neck, round-bottom flask. Reaction flask was flushed with nitrogen, stirring was started and the reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. A homogeneous mixture of allyl glycidyl ether (75.83 g, 0.66 equivalents) and a solution of radical initiator [0.72 g of Vazo®67 {Du Pont's 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile)} in 2 ml of toluene] was added into the polymer over 1 hr 42 minutes. Twenty two additional portions (0.17 g each) of Vazo®67 were added at every ˜1.5 hr over a period of 30 hr. The mercaptan equivalent of the reaction mixture was 153,633. Such a high value indicated completion of the reaction. Unconsumed allyl glycidyl ether was removed by evacuating the reaction mixture at 160-170° F./5-10 mmHg for 2.5 hr to provide 640 g of a liquid epoxy-capped polymer having a faint yellow color, viscosity of 80 Poise, and epoxy equivalent value of 1122.

Example 5 Synthesis of Uncapped Thioether

Solid flakes of sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (4434.76 g; purity: 72%; 57.02 moles) were charged into a 22-liter 3-neck flask followed by water (9.02 Kg). Flask was flushed with nitrogen and stirring was started. Phase transfer catalyst Aliquat® A-175 (74.80 g, 0.32 mole) was added and reaction mixture was heated to 170° F. Addition of a mixture of 2-chloroethylformal (4044.04 g, 23.38 moles) and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (70.40 g, 0.48 mole) was started at a rate of ˜23.00 g/min. After about 14 minutes, addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide (1553.20 g, concentration: 50%; 19.42 moles) was started at a rate of ˜8.63 g/min. Addition of the chlorides lasted for 3 hr while the addition period for the solution of sodium hydroxide was 3 hr. Reaction temperature was raised to 212° F. and heating was continued for 4 hr. Reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature. Aqueous layer was removed and the polymeric layer was washed with five 3000 ml portions of water. The last washing was almost free of sodium hydrosulfide as indicated by lead acetate paper test. Polymeric layer was then washed with acidified water (3000 ml water containing 44 ml of glacial acetic acid) followed by four additional 3000 ml portions of water. Polymer layer was separated and dried at 190-210° F./2-5 mm for 3 hr; Yield: 2829 g; color: light grey; mercaptan equivalent weight: 1520 (iodine titration method); viscosity: 94 Poise (spindle no. 6 @100 RPM, 25° C. Brookfield Cap 2000 Viscometer).

Example 6 Synthesis of TDI-Capped Polymer

A 1-liter 4-neck flask was charged with 565.4 g (0.37 equivalent) of polymer of Example 5 (equivalent weight: 1520) and the reaction flask was evacuated at 170-180° F./1-5 mmHg for 1.5 hr. Vacuum was released under nitrogen and the polymer was cooled to 84° F. Toluene diisocyanate, (TDI; 81.22 g, 0.93 equivalent) was added and mixed for 30 minutes. The % isocyanate value of the reaction mixture was 5.835. Polycat 8 (0.02 g, 0.00016 equivalent, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, a product of Air Products) was added as a base catalyst at 89° F. An exotherm developed and raised the reaction temperature to 127° F. in 6 minutes. Stirring was continued for 22 minutes. Mercaptan equivalent weight of the reaction mixture was 204,115 at this stage and reaction was considered to be complete. Benzoyl chloride (0.065 g, 0.0005 equivalent), a stabilizer, was added and stirred for 25 minutes. Product was a viscous liquid; isocyanate equivalent weight: 1203; viscosity: 613 Poise (spindle no. 6 @50 RPM, 25° C.; Brookfield Cap 2000 Viscometer).

Example 7 Synthesis of IPDI-Capped Polymer

A 1-liter 3-neck flask was charged with 706.50 g (0.46 equivalent) of polymer of Example 5 (equivalent weight: 1520) and the reaction flask was evacuated at 170-180° F./1-5 mmHg for 2.5 hr. Vacuum was released under nitrogen and the polymer was cooled to 90° F. Isophorone diisocyanate, (IPDI; 129.55 g, 1.17 equivalent) was added under a flow of nitrogen and mixed for 30 minutes. The % isocyanate value of the reaction mixture was 5.60. Polycat 8 (0.03 g, 0.00024 equivalent, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, a product of Air Products) was added as a base catalyst at 86° F. An exotherm developed and raised the reaction temperature to 126° F. in 10 minutes. Stirring was continued for 22 minutes. Mercaptan equivalent weight of the reaction mixture was 204,115 at this stage and reaction was considered to be complete. Benzoyl chloride (0.084 g, 0.0006 equivalent), a stabilizer, was added and stirred for 25 minutes. Product was a viscous liquid; isocyanate equivalent weight: 1292; viscosity: 811 Poise (spindle no. 6 @50 RPM, 25° C.; Brookfield Cap 2000 Viscometer).

Example 8 Synthesis of Amine-Capped Polymer

A 500-ml 3-necked flask was charged with 316.68 g (0.27 equivalents) of the polymer of Example 4 and 53.34 g (0.42 equivalents) of ETHACURE® 300, a diamine from Albemarle Corporation. Contents were mixed under vacuum (10 mmHg) for 2.0 hr and vacuum was released under nitrogen. Polycat 8 (0.07 g, 0.0006 equivalents) was added and the mixture was heated at 148-150° C. for 17.5 hr. Product was light brown in color; viscosity: 32 poise (spindle no. 6 @500 RPM, 25° C.; Brookfield Cap 2000 Viscometer).

Example 9 Synthesis of Silane-Terminated Polymer

Polymer (317.00 g, 0.16 equivalent), as prepared according to Example 3, was charged into a three-neck 500 mL flask equipped with thermometer, stirrer, condenser and nitrogen inlet/outlet. Silquest® A-171 (24.00 g, 0.16 equivalent) was added into the reactor under nitrogen. The contents were mixed for 10 minutes. The clear reaction mixture was heated up and maintained at 170° F. Radical initiator Vazo®67 was added into the reactor at an interval of two hours. An excess of Silquest® A-171 (40.00 g) was added into the reactor, Mat 8 g per portion, over a period of 72 hours. The equivalent ratio of Silquest® A-171 to polymer was 2.7 to 1. Addition of Vazo® 67 was continued until mercaptan equivalent of the reaction mixture was greater than 100,000. The unreacted Silquest® A-171 was removed at 170° F. under vacuum. The final product (315 g) was a viscous liquid. Viscosity was 241.5 Poise (Spindle #6@100 rpm, 25° C.; Brookfield Cap 2000 Viscometer).

Example 10 Sealant Formulation

Part A of the sealant formulation was prepared by mixing 0.4 parts by weight of the polymer prepared according to Example 8 and 0.6 parts by weight of the ETHACURE® 300 amine, which is available from Albermarle Corp. Part B of the sealant formulation was prepared by mixing 7.75 parts by weight of the polymer prepared according to Example 6 and 2 parts by weight of the Elftex 8 carbon black, which was pre-dried at 300° F. for 72 hours. Elftex 8 carbon black is available from Cabot Corp. Parts A & B were mixed in a Hauschild mixer at 2500 rpm for 25 seconds. A tensile & elongation sample was then made according to methods in SAE AS5127/1 and was allowed to cure for two days at room temperature followed by 24 hours at 140° F. The sealant prepared from the above composition exhibited the properties set forth in Table 2.

TABLE 2* Result Property Application Time 3.2 Grams per minute at 10 minutes Tack Free Time 30 Minutes 24 Hour Hardness 80 Shore A 14 Days Hardness 72 Shore A Volume Swell - JRF Type I 6.46% (7 days @ 140° F.) Weight Loss- JRF Type I 0.67% (7 days @ 140° F.) Tensile & Elongation Standard Cure 7 Days 1050 psi/396% 7 Days at 140° F. in JRF 1001 psi/305% Type 1 8 Hours @ 360° F.  971 psi/128% Adhesion Tested on Mil C-27725 panel Standard Cure 7 days 100% Cohesive Failure** 7 Days at 140° F. in JRF 89 pli, 100% cohesive failure Type I *Tested according to methods in SAE AS5127/1 **Delaminated from aluminum strip

Example 11 Sealant Formulation

Part A of the sealant formulation was prepared by mixing 0.4 parts by weight of the polymer prepared according to Example 8 and 0.6 parts by weight of the ETHACURE® 300 Amine. Part B of the sealant formulation was prepared by mixing 8.53 parts by weight of the polymer prepared according to Example 7 and 2 parts by weight of the Elftex 8 carbon black, which was pre-dried at 300° F. for 72 hours. Parts A & B were mixed in a Hauschild mixer at 2500 rpm for 25 seconds. A tensile & elongation sample was then made according to methods in SAE AS5127/1 and was allowed to cure for two days at room temperature followed by 24 hours at 140° F. The sealant prepared from the above composition exhibited the properties set forth in Table 3.

TABLE 3** Result Property Application Time 36 Grams per minute at 1 hour Tack Free Time 6 Hours 24 Hour Hardness 69 Shore A 14 Days Hardness 64 Shore A Volume Swell - JRF Type I 13.55% (7 days @ 140° F.) Weight Loss- JRF Type I 0.18% (7 days @ 140° F.) Tensile & Elongation Standard Cure 7 Days 786 psi/499% 7 Days at 140° F. in JRF 821 psi/412% Type I 8 Hours @ 360° F. 444 psi/108% Adhesion Tested on Mil C-27725 panel Standard Cure 7 days 67 pli, 90% Cohesive Failure 7 days at 140° F. in JRF 107 pli, 100% Cohesive Failure Type I **Tested according to methods in SAE AS5127/1

Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been described above for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details of the present invention may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims. 

We claim:
 1. A thioether comprising a structure having the formula: —[—S—(R—X)_(p)—C(R₁)₂—(X—R)_(q)—]_(n)— in which: (a) each R, which may be the same or different, denotes a C₂₋₁₀ n-alkylene group; a C₂₋₁₀ branched alkylene group; a C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene group; a C₆₋₁₄ alkylcycloalkylene; or a C₈₋₁₀ alkylarylene group; (b) each R₁, which may be the same or different, denotes a hydrogen, a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkylene group; a C₂₋₁₀ branched alkylene group; a C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene group; a C₆₋₁₄ alkylcycloalkylene; or a C₈₋₁₀ alkylarylene group; (c) each X, which may be the same or different, denotes O or S; (d) p has a value of 2 to 5; (e) q has a value of 1 to 5; and (f) n has a value of at least
 1. 2. The thioether of claim 1, wherein: (a) each R denotes a C₂₋₁₀ n-alkylene group; (b) each R₁ denotes a hydrogen; and (c) each X denotes O.
 3. The thioether of claim 1, wherein n has a value of at least
 2. 4. The thioether of claim 3, wherein n has a value of no more than
 60. 5. The thioether of claim 4, wherein n has a value of 25 to
 35. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein: (a) each R denotes a C₂ n-alkylene group; (b) each R₁ denotes a hydrogen; and (c) X denotes O.
 7. The thioether of claim 1, wherein the thioether has the structure: A-(—R₃)₂ wherein: (a) A comprises the structure of claim 1; and (b) each R³, which may be the same or different, comprises a terminal group selected from —OH, —SH, alkyl, alkylene, —NCO,

 amine and silane.
 8. The thioether of claim 1, wherein the thioether has the structure: B-(A-R₃)_(z) wherein: (a) B denotes a z-valent residue of a polyfunctionalizing agent; (b) A comprises the structure of claim 1; (c) each R₃, which may be the same or different, comprises a terminal group selected —SH, —H, —OH, alkyl, alkylene, —NCO,

 amine, and silane; and (d) z is an integer from 3 to
 6. 9. A composition comprising the thioether of claim
 1. 10. The composition of claim 9, further comprising an additional sulfur-containing polymer.
 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the additional sulfur-containing polymer includes a structure having the formula: —R¹—[—S—(CH₂)₂—O—[—R²—O—]_(m)—(CH₂)₂—S—R₁]_(n) wherein: (1) R₁ denotes a C₂₋₆ n-alkylene, C₃₋₆ branched alkylene, C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene or C₆₋₁₀ alkylcycloalkylene group, —[(—CH₂—)_(p)—X—]_(q)—(—CH₂—)_(r)—, or —[—(CH₂—)_(p)—X—]_(q)—(—CH₂—)_(r)— in which at least one —CH₂— unit is substituted with a methyl group; (2) R₂ denotes a C₂₋₆ n-alkylene, C₂₋₆ branched alkylene, C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene or C₆₋₁₀ alkylcycloalkylene group, or —[(—CH₂—)_(p)—X—]_(q)—(—CH₂—)_(r)—, X denotes one selected from the group consisting of O, S and —NR⁶—, R⁶ denotes H or methyl; (3) m is a rational number from 0 to 10; (4) n is an integer from 1 to 60; (5) p is an integer from 2 to 6; (6) q is an integer from 1 to 5, and (7) r is an integer from 2 to
 10. 12. A composition comprising two or more sulfur-containing polymers, at least one of the sulfur-containing polymers comprising a thioether comprising a structure having the formula: —[—S—(R—X)_(p)—C(R₁)₂—(X—R)_(q)—]_(n)— in which: (a) each R, which may be the same or different, denotes a C₂₋₁₀ n-alkylene group; a C₂₋₁₀ branched alkylene group; a C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene group; a C₆₋₁₄ alkylcycloalkylene; or a C₈₋₁₀ alkylarylene group; (b) each R₁, which may be the same or different, denotes a hydrogen, a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkylene group; a C₂₋₁₀ branched alkylene group; a C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene group; a C₆₋₁₄ alkylcycloalkylene; or a C₈₋₁₀ alkylarylene group; (c) each X, which may be the same or different, denotes O or S; (d) p has a value of 2 to 5; (e) q has a value of 1 to 5; and (f) n has a value of at least 1, wherein the thioethers have coreactive functional groups.
 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein thioether comprises an —NCO capped thioether.
 14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the —NCO groups are derived from a polyisocyanate comprising isocyanate groups having differing reactivity.
 15. The composition of claim 13, wherein the —NCO groups are derived from the reaction product of an aromatic diisocyanate and a sulfur diol.
 16. The composition of claim 13, wherein at least one of the sulfur-containing polymers comprises an amine/hydroxyl functional thioether.
 17. A composition comprising an amine/hydroxy functional thioether comprising a structure having the formula: —[—S—(R—X)_(p)—C(R₁)₂—(X—R)_(q)—]_(n)— in which: (a) each R, which may be the same or different, denotes a C₂₋₁₀ n-alkylene group; a C₂₋₁₀ branched alkylene group; a C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene group; a C₆₋₁₄ alkylcycloalkylene; or a C₈₋₁₀ alkylarylene group; (b) each R₁, which may be the same or different, denotes a hydrogen, a C₁₋₁₀ n-alkylene group; a C₂₋₁₀ branched alkylene group; a C₆₋₈ cycloalkylene group; a C₆₋₁₄ alkylcycloalkylene; or a C₈₋₁₀ alkylarylene group; (c) each X, which may be the same or different, denotes O or S; (d) p has a value of 2 to 5; (e) q has a value of 1 to 5; and (f) n has a value of at least
 1. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the amine groups are derived from an aromatic amine.
 19. The composition of claim 17, further comprising an additional sulfur-containing polymer comprising functional groups reactive with amine and hydroxy groups. 